*AR-RAHĪQ AL-MAKHTOUM (The Pure Nectar). A Treaties On Prophet Muhammad's Biography.*
*Part 7*
*RULE IN ASH-SHĀM*
Ash-Shām is the region that includes present-day Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan. At the time when Arabs surged through the tribal immigrations, septs of Qudhā'a proceeded to the environs of Ash-Shām and inhabited therein. They were among Banu Sulayh Ibn Hulwān to whom the ancestry of Banu Dag'am Ibn Sulayh traces back. They were called 'Dagāemis'. To prevent nomadic Arabs from riots and repel the attacks of Persians, Romans curried favour with Dagāemis. They installed one of them as a king. And power rotated among them for some years. The most famous of their kings was Ziyād Ibnul-Habūlah. Their period began from the early years of the second century A.D. to its end. Their rule ended with the arrival of the tribe of Ghassān who defeated Dagāemis and divested them of their property. In doing so, Romans appointed Ghassnis as kings over the Arabs of Ash-Shām. Their headquarters was the city of Busra. Ghassnis ruled Ash-Shām successively as rulers under the control of Roman kings. This continued till the Battle of Yarmouk which took place in 13. A.H. Jabalah Ibnul-Ayham, the final of their kings yielded to Islam in the time of the Emir of the Faithful, 'Umar Ibnul-Khattāb.
*PRINCEDOM AND RULE IN HIJAZ*
Ishmael led Mecca and held the office of the custody of the Ka'abah all his life. He died after turning one hundred and thirty seven years. His successors were his two sons Nābit and Qaydār. Then their maternal grandfather Mudād Ibn 'Amr Al-Jurhumy took charge the Mecca. Thus the leadership of Mecca shifted to the tribe of Jurhum which remained in power for a long time. The descendants of Ishmael had great standings by virtue of the contribution of their forefather Ishmael to the construction of the Ka'abah. But they held no position of authority.
Time elapsed and the situation of Ishmael's descendants was still ineffective. They attained high and prominent political positions only when the tribe of Jurhum became powerless. Since then 'Adnān became a great figure. This is affirmed by the fact that the commander of Arabs who resisted Bukhtunassar's invasion for Dhat 'Erq was 'Adnān himself.
Banu 'Adnān dispersed through Yemen when Bukhtunassar (Nebuchadnezzar) invaded Arabs' terrorists for the second time (587 B.C.). Berechian, the companion of Israeli Prophet Errmeyeh, led Ma'ad to Harrān, Ash-Shām. When the pressures of Bukhtunassar ended, Ma'ad returned to Mecca and found Jawsham Ibn Gulhuma to marry his daughter to him, Mu'ānah who bore Near later.
Afterwards, the conditions of Jurhum worsened and they suffered from terrible trouble. Jurhum oppressed the newcomers to Mecca and misappropriated the property kept into the Ka'abah, which incensed Banu 'Adnān. So, when the tribe of Khuzā'a settled in Marruz-Zahrān and noted that Banu 'Adnān are furious with Jurhum, they fought Jurhum with the help of the septs of 'Adnān (Banu Bakr Ibn 'Abd Manāf Ibn Kināna) and evacuated them from Mecca and ended their power in the mid years of the second century A.D. When Jurhum resorted to evacuation, they obstructed the well of Zamzam, obliterated its location and buried many things in it.
Ibn Is'hāq said: "'Amr ibnul-Hārith Ibn Mudād Al-Jurhumy brought the two Golden Gazelles out of the Ka'abah and the Black Stone and buried them into the Well of Zamzam. He and some members of his tribe were so sorry for leaving Mecca and their property.
Jurhum inhabited Mecca for twenty one centuries and took control of it for about twenty centuries B.C.
The tribe of Khuzā'a had control over Mecca exclusively, without sharing anything with Banu Bakr. But there were three positions that the tribes of Mudarr used to hold:
1. Leading people to move from 'Arafah to Muzdalifa and giving them access when rushing out of Minā. Banu Al-Ghawth Ibn Murrah who belonged to the phratries of Ilyās Ibn Mudar were in charge of this task. They were called Sūfa. Offering access meant that people were not allowed to throw pebbles on the day of Nafr (on-rush) till a man of Sūfa had thrown pebbles. When people finish throwing pebbles and wanted to rush out of Minā, Sūfa obstructed the two sides of Al-'Aqabah allowing none to pass without they passing first. Then they made way for people. When Sūfa died out, Banu Sa'ad Ibn Zaid Manāh of Kināna inherited this peculiarity from them.
2. Helping the early rallies to move Minā on the Day of Nahr (slaughtering, it falls on the tenth of Dhl-Hijjah). This was exclusive to Banu 'Adwān.
3. Postponing the sacred months was peculiar to Banu Fuqaym Ibn 'Adeyy of Banu Kināna.
The rule of Khuzā'a over Mecca lasted for three hundred years. During their rule the Adnanis spread in Najd and outskirts of Iraq and Bahrain. Some septs of quraysh remained in the outskirts of Mecca as permanent inhabitants or camel raisers who settled in the places were there was water. They had nothing to do with Mecca or the Sacred House till the advent of Qusayy Ibn Kelāb. It is related that Qusayy's father died while he was in the custody of his mother. His mother married a man of Banu 'Uzrah (Rabī'ah Ibn Harām) and moved with him to his homeland in Ash-Shām. When Qusayy grew up, he returned to Mecca whose then-ruler was Hulail Ibn Habseyya of Khuzā'a. Qusayy proposed to Hulail's daughter, Hubbā and married her. After the demise of Hulail, a war broke out between Khuzā'a and Quraysh and resulted in the control of Qusayy over Mecca and the Sacred House.
There are three different versions on the cause of this war:
1. When Qusayy had many children, great wealth and attained a high standing, he viewed himself as worthier of the custody of the Ka'abah and ruling Mecca than Khuzā'a and Banu Bakr. He also saw that quraish are the prominent descendants of Ishmael. So he consulted with men from Quraish and Banu Kināna about banishing Khuzā'a and Banu Bakr from Mecca. At last, they agreed to his proposal.
2. Hulail, as Khuzā'a claimed, advised Qusayy by a will that he should be in charge of the Ka'abah and Mecca. But Khuzā'a objected to this matter, which led to the outbreak of a war between them.
3. Hulail passed on the custody of the Ka'abah to his daughter Hubbā and appointed Abu Ghubshān Al-Khuzāey as a deputy for her. So Abu Ghubshān took charge of the Ka'abah on behalf of Hubbā. When Hulail died, Qusayy deceived Abu Ghubshān and took the custody of the Holy House from him in return for several camel or a bottle of wine. Khuzā'a got dissatisfied with this bargain and tried to prevent Qusayy from entering the Ka'abah. Thereupon Qusayy mobilized men of Quraish and Kināna to evacuate Khuzā'a from Mecca.
*...To be continued In-sha-Allah!*
*"And keep reminding, because reminding benefits the believers."* (Qur'an 51:55)
*Part 7*
*RULE IN ASH-SHĀM*
Ash-Shām is the region that includes present-day Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan. At the time when Arabs surged through the tribal immigrations, septs of Qudhā'a proceeded to the environs of Ash-Shām and inhabited therein. They were among Banu Sulayh Ibn Hulwān to whom the ancestry of Banu Dag'am Ibn Sulayh traces back. They were called 'Dagāemis'. To prevent nomadic Arabs from riots and repel the attacks of Persians, Romans curried favour with Dagāemis. They installed one of them as a king. And power rotated among them for some years. The most famous of their kings was Ziyād Ibnul-Habūlah. Their period began from the early years of the second century A.D. to its end. Their rule ended with the arrival of the tribe of Ghassān who defeated Dagāemis and divested them of their property. In doing so, Romans appointed Ghassnis as kings over the Arabs of Ash-Shām. Their headquarters was the city of Busra. Ghassnis ruled Ash-Shām successively as rulers under the control of Roman kings. This continued till the Battle of Yarmouk which took place in 13. A.H. Jabalah Ibnul-Ayham, the final of their kings yielded to Islam in the time of the Emir of the Faithful, 'Umar Ibnul-Khattāb.
*PRINCEDOM AND RULE IN HIJAZ*
Ishmael led Mecca and held the office of the custody of the Ka'abah all his life. He died after turning one hundred and thirty seven years. His successors were his two sons Nābit and Qaydār. Then their maternal grandfather Mudād Ibn 'Amr Al-Jurhumy took charge the Mecca. Thus the leadership of Mecca shifted to the tribe of Jurhum which remained in power for a long time. The descendants of Ishmael had great standings by virtue of the contribution of their forefather Ishmael to the construction of the Ka'abah. But they held no position of authority.
Time elapsed and the situation of Ishmael's descendants was still ineffective. They attained high and prominent political positions only when the tribe of Jurhum became powerless. Since then 'Adnān became a great figure. This is affirmed by the fact that the commander of Arabs who resisted Bukhtunassar's invasion for Dhat 'Erq was 'Adnān himself.
Banu 'Adnān dispersed through Yemen when Bukhtunassar (Nebuchadnezzar) invaded Arabs' terrorists for the second time (587 B.C.). Berechian, the companion of Israeli Prophet Errmeyeh, led Ma'ad to Harrān, Ash-Shām. When the pressures of Bukhtunassar ended, Ma'ad returned to Mecca and found Jawsham Ibn Gulhuma to marry his daughter to him, Mu'ānah who bore Near later.
Afterwards, the conditions of Jurhum worsened and they suffered from terrible trouble. Jurhum oppressed the newcomers to Mecca and misappropriated the property kept into the Ka'abah, which incensed Banu 'Adnān. So, when the tribe of Khuzā'a settled in Marruz-Zahrān and noted that Banu 'Adnān are furious with Jurhum, they fought Jurhum with the help of the septs of 'Adnān (Banu Bakr Ibn 'Abd Manāf Ibn Kināna) and evacuated them from Mecca and ended their power in the mid years of the second century A.D. When Jurhum resorted to evacuation, they obstructed the well of Zamzam, obliterated its location and buried many things in it.
Ibn Is'hāq said: "'Amr ibnul-Hārith Ibn Mudād Al-Jurhumy brought the two Golden Gazelles out of the Ka'abah and the Black Stone and buried them into the Well of Zamzam. He and some members of his tribe were so sorry for leaving Mecca and their property.
Jurhum inhabited Mecca for twenty one centuries and took control of it for about twenty centuries B.C.
The tribe of Khuzā'a had control over Mecca exclusively, without sharing anything with Banu Bakr. But there were three positions that the tribes of Mudarr used to hold:
1. Leading people to move from 'Arafah to Muzdalifa and giving them access when rushing out of Minā. Banu Al-Ghawth Ibn Murrah who belonged to the phratries of Ilyās Ibn Mudar were in charge of this task. They were called Sūfa. Offering access meant that people were not allowed to throw pebbles on the day of Nafr (on-rush) till a man of Sūfa had thrown pebbles. When people finish throwing pebbles and wanted to rush out of Minā, Sūfa obstructed the two sides of Al-'Aqabah allowing none to pass without they passing first. Then they made way for people. When Sūfa died out, Banu Sa'ad Ibn Zaid Manāh of Kināna inherited this peculiarity from them.
2. Helping the early rallies to move Minā on the Day of Nahr (slaughtering, it falls on the tenth of Dhl-Hijjah). This was exclusive to Banu 'Adwān.
3. Postponing the sacred months was peculiar to Banu Fuqaym Ibn 'Adeyy of Banu Kināna.
The rule of Khuzā'a over Mecca lasted for three hundred years. During their rule the Adnanis spread in Najd and outskirts of Iraq and Bahrain. Some septs of quraysh remained in the outskirts of Mecca as permanent inhabitants or camel raisers who settled in the places were there was water. They had nothing to do with Mecca or the Sacred House till the advent of Qusayy Ibn Kelāb. It is related that Qusayy's father died while he was in the custody of his mother. His mother married a man of Banu 'Uzrah (Rabī'ah Ibn Harām) and moved with him to his homeland in Ash-Shām. When Qusayy grew up, he returned to Mecca whose then-ruler was Hulail Ibn Habseyya of Khuzā'a. Qusayy proposed to Hulail's daughter, Hubbā and married her. After the demise of Hulail, a war broke out between Khuzā'a and Quraysh and resulted in the control of Qusayy over Mecca and the Sacred House.
There are three different versions on the cause of this war:
1. When Qusayy had many children, great wealth and attained a high standing, he viewed himself as worthier of the custody of the Ka'abah and ruling Mecca than Khuzā'a and Banu Bakr. He also saw that quraish are the prominent descendants of Ishmael. So he consulted with men from Quraish and Banu Kināna about banishing Khuzā'a and Banu Bakr from Mecca. At last, they agreed to his proposal.
2. Hulail, as Khuzā'a claimed, advised Qusayy by a will that he should be in charge of the Ka'abah and Mecca. But Khuzā'a objected to this matter, which led to the outbreak of a war between them.
3. Hulail passed on the custody of the Ka'abah to his daughter Hubbā and appointed Abu Ghubshān Al-Khuzāey as a deputy for her. So Abu Ghubshān took charge of the Ka'abah on behalf of Hubbā. When Hulail died, Qusayy deceived Abu Ghubshān and took the custody of the Holy House from him in return for several camel or a bottle of wine. Khuzā'a got dissatisfied with this bargain and tried to prevent Qusayy from entering the Ka'abah. Thereupon Qusayy mobilized men of Quraish and Kināna to evacuate Khuzā'a from Mecca.
*...To be continued In-sha-Allah!*
*"And keep reminding, because reminding benefits the believers."* (Qur'an 51:55)
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